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How to Cite Primary Sources: Birth certificates, deeds, trial transcripts

This guide will outline how to cite a variety of primary sources in APA, MLA, and Chicago formats

Birth and Death Certificates

APA 

To cite a birth or death certificate in APA, include the following information along the provided structure: 'First Last.' (Date). Certified Copy of Type of Certificate for First Last, Day Month Year (Application Number). Location. 

For example: 'Timothy Horton.' (1964). Certified Copy of Birth Certificate for Timothy Horton, 17 May 1964 (application number 5701272023). Hamilton, Ontario. 

The same format may be followed for online sources with the addition of the URL at the end.

Chicago Style and MLA

Chicago Style and MLA have no official guidelines on citing birth or death certificates, but the following structure can be applied: Type of Certificate for First Last, Day Month Year, File number, Location. 

For example: Birth Certificate for Timothy Horton, 17 May 1964, application number 5701272023, Hamilton, Ontario. 

For an online resource or website, here is an example: 

Deeds

APA

While the APA has no official recommendations for citing deeds, the following format can be applied: Type of Deed and First Last of those associated, Date, Deed book found in, Location, access URL if applicable. 

For example: Deed of Sale from Hamilton Recorder's Office to Timothy Horton, 17 May 1964, Hamilton Ontario Deed Book, Hamilton Department of Finance, Hamilton, Ontario. 

For an online resource or website, here is an example: Deed Transferring a Town Lot in Tallahassee from Eli Gordy to Frederick Towle, 1833. 1833. State Archives of Florida, Florida Memory. <https://www.floridamemory.com/items/show/347466>, accessed 24 October 2024.

Chicago Style

The Chicago Style Manual does not have an official guide on citing personal documents like deeds in a works cited entry, so the above format may be followed. 

MLA

To cite a deed in MLA format, include the following information according to the provided structure: Organization, Office. Deed Title. Name of Point of Access. Access Date. URL if applicable. 

For example: Hamilton Department of Finance, Recorders Office. Deed of Sale to Timothy Horton. Hamilton Ontario Deed Book. 10 October 2024. 

For an online resource or website, here is an example: Deed Transferring a Town Lot in Tallahassee from Eli Gordy to Frederick Towle, 1833. 1833. State Archives of Florida, Florida Memory. Accessed 24 Oct. 2024.<https://www.floridamemory.com/items/show/347466>

Trial Transcripts

The following is for transcripts not published in a book. If referring to a testimony you are accessing from a secondary source, cite said source. 

APA 

The APA style guide defers to the Bluebook Citation guide for legal citations. Here is a recommended format for citing a testimony: Title of Testimony, Number of Congress. (year) (Testimony or testifiers name). URL if applicable. 

For example: Testimony of Timothy Horton, 98th Congress. (1993) (Timothy Horton). https://www.library.illinois.edu/latinx-studies/

Chicago Style

There is no official guideline provided for citing trial transcripts in Chicago Style, but a similar approach to citing testimonies can be taken in the following structure: Title of Testimony. Number of Congress (year) (statement of first last). 

For example: Testimony of Timothy Horton. 98th Congress (1993) (statement of Timothy Horton). 

MLA

There is no official guideline recommended by the APA for citing trial transcripts. Citing the information as testimony may suffice in the structure as follows: Place of hearing. Title of hearing. Publishing office, date. URL if applicable. 

For example: Lower courts of Hamilton, Ontario. Testimony of Timothy Horton. Government Publishing Office, 1993. https://www.library.illinois.edu/latinx-studies/