The primary sources of a musical work (scores or parts) can include the following:
Autograph / Holograph the composer's own manuscript
Copies handwritten by a relative, student, colleague, or
professional copyist; or, in the case of medieval works, by monastic
scribes
First edition typically published in consultation with the composer
Early editions printed during the composer's lifetime; sometimes edited by a relative, student, or other person close to the composer, after the composer's death
Scholarly, or critical, editions edited by a scholar or performer known for his/her knowledge / interpretation of the composer's music. These attempt to establish an "Urtext" that comes as close as possible to the composer's ultimate intentions for the piece, and record the variant readings (differences) in the primary sources, in the critical commentary (German= kritischer Bericht (pl. kritische Berichte)). Some are published as "collected editions," see below.
Collected editions of the composer's complete works. More recent sets are published in scholarly or critical edition (see above).
For more in-depth discussion of these terms, see the "Editions" entry in the Grove Dictionary (via Oxford Music Online) and also, "Editing."