Audio and Visual Resources in APA Style
Below, you will see examples of audio and visual resources cited in the APA style. For more information on how to read these examples, see the Getting Started page of this LibGuide (see the tabs to the left.)
Examples of Audio and Visual Resources
Example Item
Because live performances cannot be recovered by the reader, they are treated like Personal Communications. They are cited in the text only, and are not included in your reference list.
Only cite a live performance if there is no recoverable version of the same information (i.e., video or audio recording, transcript, etc.)
Heartbreak House by George Bernard Shaw
Live Performance
Reference List
Personal communications are typically not included in APA style reference lists.
In-Text Citation (Parenthetical)
TEMPLATE:
(Author First Initial, Author Last Name, personal communication, Date).
EXAMPLE:
(G.B. Shaw, personal communication, October 1, 2006)
In-Text Citation (Narrative)
TEMPLATE:
Author First Initial, Author Last Name (personal communication, Date).
EXAMPLE:
G.B. Shaw (personal communication, October 1, 2006)
See Also: APA Manual 8.9 - Personal Communications
APA Style Website - Personal Communications
Example Item
Use the host's name in the Author position. If the host is unknown, refer to the Executive Producer instead.
Best of Not My Job Musicians from Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!
Online Resource
Reference List
TEMPLATE:
Host Last Name, First Initial (Creator Title). (Release Date). Episode Name (Episode Number) [Type of Podcast]. In Title of Podcast. Publisher. DOI or URL.
EXAMPLE:
Sagal, P. (Host). (2019, December). Best of Not My Job 2019 [Audio Podcast]. In Wait, Wait... Don't Tell me! NPR. https://open.spotify.com/episode/4n4ckxLhrjcxJvds0dzxly?si=BQl6QnXlRDefAzqj8hQNdw
In-Text Citation (Parenthetical)
TEMPLATE:
(Creator Last Name, Year)
EXAMPLE:
(Sagal, 2019)
In-Text Citation (Narrative)
TEMPLATE:
Creator Last Name (Year)
EXAMPLE:
Sagal (2019)
See Also: APA Manual 9.1-9.52 - Reference List
APA Manual 10.13 - Audiovisual Media (Examples 93 & 94)
Example Item
Use the director's name in the Author position. If the director is unknown, refer to another person in a similar role instead, such as the producer or the host.
Don Giovanni Oper in zwei Akten by Call Number: DVD M1500 .D664 2011
Reference List
TEMPLATE:
Director Last Name, First Initial (Director). (Publication Year). Title of film [Film]. Production Company. DOI or URL if available.
EXAMPLE:
Da Ponte, L. (Director). (2011). Don Giovanni Oper in zwei Akten [Film]. Arthaus Musik.
In-Text Citation (Parenthetical)
TEMPLATE:
(Director Last Name, Year)
EXAMPLE:
(Da Ponte, 2011)
In-Text Citation (Narrative)
TEMPLATE:
Director Last Name (Year)
EXAMPLE:
Da Ponte (2011)
See Also: APA Manual 9.1-9.52 - Reference List
APA Manual 10.12 - Audiovisual Works (Examples 84, 85, & 86)
Example Item
You may be citing a recording that is a performance of an older work (for example, a 2008 recording of a Mozart opera from 1791). If this is the case, add the name of the person or group recording the piece within the brackets denoting it as an album. Also remember to add "Original work published" and the year of publication at the end of the citation, enclosed in parentheses.
Lemonade by Call Number: CDISC M1630.18 .B46L4 2016
Reference List
TEMPLATE:
Artist Last Name, Artist First Initial (Release Year). Title of Album [Album]. Record Label Name.
EXAMPLE:
Beyoncé (2016). Lemonade [Album]. Parkwood Entertainment.
In-Text Citation (Parenthetical)
TEMPLATE:
(Artist Last Name, Release Year)
EXAMPLE:
(Beyoncé, 2016)
In-Text Citation (Narrative)
TEMPLATE:
Artist Last Name (Release Year)
EXAMPLE:
Beyoncé (2016)
See Also: APA Manual 9.1-9.52 - Reference List
APA Manual 10.13 - Audio Works (Examples 91 & 92)
Example Item
The uploader is always used in the Author position for ease of retrieval (even if the uploader is not the one who created the content).
Online Resource
Reference List
TEMPLATE:
Uploader Last Name, Uploader First Name [Uploader Username]. (Upload Year, Month Date). Title of Video [Video]. Publisher. Platform. DOI or URL.
EXAMPLE:
Big Think. (2012, July 3). Gaming and Productivity [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mkdzy9bWW3E
In-Text Citation (Parenthetical)
TEMPLATE:
(Author Last Name, Publication Year)
EXAMPLE:
(Big Think, 2012)
In-Text Citation (Narrative)
TEMPLATE:
Author Last Name (Publication Year)
EXAMPLE:
Big Think (2012)