Below, you will see examples of audio and visual resources cited in the APA style. For more information on how to read these examples, see the Getting Started page of this LibGuide (see the tabs to the left.)
Because live performances cannot be recovered by the reader, they are treated like Personal Communications. They are cited in the text only, and are not included in your reference list.
Only cite a live performance if there is no recoverable version of the same information (i.e., video or audio recording, transcript, etc.)
Heartbreak House by George Bernard Shaw
Live Performance
Personal communications are typically not included in APA style reference lists.
TEMPLATE:
(Author First Initial, Author Last Name, personal communication, Date).
EXAMPLE:
(G.B. Shaw, personal communication, October 1, 2006)
TEMPLATE:
Author First Initial, Author Last Name (personal communication, Date).
EXAMPLE:
G.B. Shaw (personal communication, October 1, 2006)
Use the host's name in the Author position. If the host is unknown, refer to the Executive Producer instead.
Best of Not My Job Musicians from Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!
Online Resource
TEMPLATE:
Host Last Name, First Initial (Creator Title). (Release Date). Episode Name (Episode Number) [Type of Podcast]. In Title of Podcast. Publisher. DOI or URL.
EXAMPLE:
Sagal, P. (Host). (2019, December). Best of Not My Job 2019 [Audio Podcast]. In Wait, Wait... Don't Tell me! NPR. https://open.spotify.com/episode/4n4ckxLhrjcxJvds0dzxly?si=BQl6QnXlRDefAzqj8hQNdw
TEMPLATE:
(Creator Last Name, Year)
EXAMPLE:
(Sagal, 2019)
TEMPLATE:
Creator Last Name (Year)
EXAMPLE:
Sagal (2019)
Use the director's name in the Author position. If the director is unknown, refer to another person in a similar role instead, such as the producer or the host.
Don Giovanni Oper in zwei Akten by TEMPLATE:
Director Last Name, First Initial (Director). (Publication Year). Title of film [Film]. Production Company. DOI or URL if available.
EXAMPLE:
Da Ponte, L. (Director). (2011). Don Giovanni Oper in zwei Akten [Film]. Arthaus Musik.
TEMPLATE:
(Director Last Name, Year)
EXAMPLE:
(Da Ponte, 2011)
TEMPLATE:
Director Last Name (Year)
EXAMPLE:
Da Ponte (2011)
You may be citing a recording that is a performance of an older work (for example, a 2008 recording of a Mozart opera from 1791). If this is the case, add the name of the person or group recording the piece within the brackets denoting it as an album. Also remember to add "Original work published" and the year of publication at the end of the citation, enclosed in parentheses.
Lemonade by TEMPLATE:
Artist Last Name, Artist First Initial (Release Year). Title of Album [Album]. Record Label Name.
EXAMPLE:
Beyoncé (2016). Lemonade [Album]. Parkwood Entertainment.
TEMPLATE:
(Artist Last Name, Release Year)
EXAMPLE:
(Beyoncé, 2016)
TEMPLATE:
Artist Last Name (Release Year)
EXAMPLE:
Beyoncé (2016)
The uploader is always used in the Author position for ease of retrieval (even if the uploader is not the one who created the content).
Online Resource
TEMPLATE:
Uploader Last Name, Uploader First Name [Uploader Username]. (Upload Year, Month Date). Title of Video [Video]. Publisher. Platform. DOI or URL.
EXAMPLE:
Big Think. (2012, July 3). Gaming and Productivity [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mkdzy9bWW3E
TEMPLATE:
(Author Last Name, Publication Year)
EXAMPLE:
(Big Think, 2012)
TEMPLATE:
Author Last Name (Publication Year)
EXAMPLE:
Big Think (2012)
